Windows e sebelisoa ke boholo ba baahi ba lefatše bakeng sa mosebetsi oa bona oa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ekaba moithuti kapa setsebi, Windows e sebetsa hoo e ka bang 75% ea lits'ebetso tsohle tsa komporo lefatšeng ka bophara . Empa, le sistimi e tsebahalang ea Windows e otla sekhechana se seng ka nako. Blue Screen of Death, kapa BSoD , ke lebitso le tšosang le lumellanang hantle le phoso. Skrine sena sa phoso se hlahisoa ha Windows e kena phosong e kotsi bakeng sa sistimi mme e ka baka tahlehelo ea data. Hape, Blue Screen of Death e tloaelehile haholo 'me e ka' na ea etsahala ka mabaka a bonolo, joalo ka liphetoho tsa lisebelisoa tse khomaretsoeng k'homphieutha kapa lisebelisoa tsa mokhanni. E 'ngoe ea liphoso tse atileng haholo tsa skrini se putsoa ke PFN_LIST _CORRUPT phoso. Kajeno, re tla sheba mabaka a ka morao ho BSoD le mokhoa oa ho lokisa phoso ea skrine e putsoa ho Windows 10.
Litaba[ pata ]
- Mokhoa oa ho lokisa phoso ea 'Blue Screen of Death' ho Windows 10
- Mokhoa oa ho lemoha phoso ea PFN_LIST _CORRUPT ho Windows 10
- Mokhoa oa 1: Tlosa Hardware e hokahantsoeng
- Mokhoa oa 2: Matha Hardware le Devices Troubleshooter
- Mokhoa oa 3: Matha Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool
- Mokhoa oa 4: Bakhanni ba Nchafatso / Rollback
- Mokhoa oa 5: Kenya Bakhanni hape
- Mokhoa oa 6: Ntlafatsa Windows
- Mokhoa oa 7: Etsa Windows Clean Boot
- Mokhoa oa 8: Qala ka Mokhoa o Sireletsehileng
- Mokhoa oa 9: Lokisa Lifaele tsa Sisteme e Senyehileng & Makala a Mpe ho Hard Disk
- Mokhoa oa 10: Hlakola software e kotsi
- Mokhoa oa 11: Etsa Tsosoloso ea Tsamaiso
- Mokhoa oa 12: Seta komporo ea hau bocha
Mokhoa oa ho lokisa phoso ea 'Blue Screen of Death' ho Windows 10
Phoso ea BSoD PFN LIST ORRUPT e bakoa ke mabaka a latelang:
- Liphetoho tse entsoeng ka hardware
- Bakhanni ba bobolu
- RAM e fosahetseng
- Likarolo tse mpe ho Hard disk
- Lifaele tsa sistimi e silafetseng
- Ho hloka sebaka sa polokelo
- Tlhaselo ea Malware
- Litaba tsa sync tsa Microsoft OneDrive
Hlokomela: Ho eletsoa ho theha Point Restore Point e le bekapo bakeng sa ha maemo a ntse a mpefala. Bala tataiso ea rona ho Theha sebaka sa ho khutlisetsa sistimi ho Windows 10 .
Mokhoa oa ho lemoha phoso ea PFN_LIST _CORRUPT ho Windows 10
Windows Event Viewer ke sesebelisoa se hlokomelang le ho tlaleha phoso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e etsahalang ka har'a sistimi. Kahoo, ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho bona hore na ke eng e bakang phoso ea lefu le leputsoa ho Windows 10 PC.
ngoe. Qala hape PC ea hau hang kamora hore e bontshe BSoD .
2. Tobetsa ho Qala le mofuta Seshebi sa Ketsahalo . Ebe, tobetsa Bula ho e matha.
3. Fenstereng e ka ho le letšehali, tobetsa habeli Windows Logs > Sistimi.
4. Fumana PFN_LIST_CORRUPT phoso lethathamong le fanoeng la liphoso.
Hlokomela: Phoso ea morao-rao e tla hlahisoa ka holimo lethathamong.
5. Tobetsa ho molaetsa oa phoso mme o bale dintlha tsa yona tlasa Kakaretso le Lintlha lithapo.
Sena se tla u thusa ho utloisisa boemo le ho supa sesosa sa PFN_LIST_CORRUPT BSoD. Ho thathamisitsoe ka tlase ke mekhoa e meng eo u ka e latelang ho lokisa phoso ea skrine e putsoa ho Windows 10 PC ka nepo.
Mokhoa oa 1: Tlosa Hardware e hokahantsoeng
Ho eketsa lisebelisoa tse ncha ho ka baka pherekano hore sistimi e hlophise tlatsetso e ncha komporong. Sena se ka itlhahisa e le phoso ea BSoD hape. Kahoo, ho tlosa lisebelisoa tsohle tse hokahantsoeng, ntle le bonyane ba keyboard le mouse ho ka u thusa ka taba ena.
- Lokisa Windows 10 Ntlafatso e Emetseng ho Kenya
- Mokhoa oa ho khutsisa Microphone ho Windows 10
- Mokhoa oa ho hlahloba mofuta oa RAM ho Windows 10
- Mokhoa oa ho bulela Telnet ho Windows 10
Mokhoa oa 2: Matha Hardware le Devices Troubleshooter
Haeba u fumana mokhoa oa 1 o nka nako, tharollo ea mathata e hahiloeng ka Windows ke sesebelisoa se matla se khonang ho tseba le ho rarolla mathata a kang Blue Screen of Death error in Windows 10 PC. Ho sebelisa tharollo ea mathata,
1. Tobetsa konopo ea Windows + R linotlolo hammoho ho bula Matha lebokose la puisano.
2. Mofuta msdt.exe -id DeviceDiagnostic ebe o tobetsa OK , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
3. Tobetsa ho E tsoetseng pele khetho ho Lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa Raroala mathata.
4. Joale, hlahloba lebokose le tšoailoeng Etsa kopo ea ho lokisa ka bo eona ebe o tobetsa E 'ngoe , joalokaha ho totobalitsoe ka tlaase mona. Tharollo ea mathata e tla lemoha le ho lokisa mathata ka bo eona.
5. Qala hape komporo ea hau 'me u hlahlobe hore na phoso e itlhahisa hape kapa che.
Hape Bala : Lokisa Phoso ea Sesebelisoa se sa Fallang ho Windows 10
Mokhoa oa 3: Matha Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool
RAM e fosahetseng e ka ba lebaka le entseng hore ho be le phoso skrineng e putsoa ho Windows 10. U ka hlahloba bophelo ba RAM ea hau u sebelisa sesebelisoa sa Windows Memory Diagnostics se hahiloeng ka har'a Windows, ka tsela e latelang:
ngoe. Boloka lintlha tsohle tsa hau tse sa bolokehang le koala Windows eohle e sebetsang.
2. Tobetsa Windows + R linotlolo , mofuta mdsched.exe, ebe otla Kena senotlolo.
3. Khetha Qala hape hona joale 'me u hlahlobe mathata (ho khothaletsoa) khetho e totobalitsoeng ka tlase.
4. Sisteme e tla qala bocha ebe e kena Tlhahlobo ea Memori ea Windows . Ka mor'a hore scan e phethoe, Windows e tla qala hape ka bo eona.
Hlokomela: Khetha pakeng tsa 3 liteko tse fapaneng ka ho tobetsa F1 senotlolo.
5. Bula Windows Seshebi sa Ketsahalo & tsamaea ho Windows Logs > Sisteme, joalo ka pejana.
6. Ebe, tobetsa ka ho le letona Tsamaiso ebe o tobetsa Fumana… joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka tlase.
7. Mofuta MemoryDiagnostics-Liphetho ebe o tobetsa Fumana E latelang .
8. U tla bona sephetho sa scan ninete Kakaretso tab ya. Ka mor'a moo, u ka tseba hore na lisebelisoa tsa hardware li hloka ho lokisoa kapa ho nkeloa sebaka.
Mokhoa oa 4: Bakhanni ba Nchafatso / Rollback
Bakhanni ba bobolu ke sesosa se seholo sa PFN_LIST_CORRUPT BSoD phoso, 'me ka lehlohonolo, e ka rarolloa ntle le ho itšetleha ka thuso ea litsebi. Latela mehato ena e fanoeng ho lokisa phoso ea skrine e putsoa ho Windows 10 komporo ea hau kapa laptop:
Khetho ea 1: Ntlafatsa Bakhanni
1. Tobetsa Senotlolo sa Windows le mofuta Sesebelisoa Motsamaisi bareng ea ho batla ea Windows. Tobetsa ho Bula , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
2. Batla leha e le efe mokhanni oa hardware e bontšang a letshwao le mosehla la tlhokomediso . Sena se fumaneha ka kakaretso tlasa Lisebelisoa tse ling karolo.
3. Khetha ea mokhanni (mohl. Sesebelisoa sa Bluetooth Peripheral ) ebe o tobetsa ho eona ka ho le letona. Ebe, khetha Nchafatso mokhanni khetho, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ka tlase.
4. Tobetsa ho Batla ka tsela e iketsang bakeng sa bakhanni .
5. Windows e tla jarolla le ho kenya liapdeite ka tsela e iketsang, haeba e fumaneha.
6. Kamora ho nchafatsa mokhanni, tobetsa ho Koala le qala hape PC ea hau.
Khetho ea 2: Bakhanni ba Rollback
Haeba ntlafatso ea li-driver e sa rarolle bothata, ho khutlela besheneng e fetileng ea mokhanni eo u sa tsoa e nchafatsa ho ka thusa ho rarolla phoso ea PFN_LIST_CORRUPT BSoD.
1. Qala Sesebelisoa Motsamaisi ebe o tobetsa habeli Hlahisa li-adapter ho e atolosa.
2. Tobetsa ka ho le letona ho mokhanni oa litšoantšo (mohl. Litšoantšo tsa AMD Radeon(TM) R4 ) ebe o tobetsa Thepa , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
3. Ka har'a Thepa fensetere, ea ho Mokhanni tab ya.
4. Tobetsa ho Qheketsa Morao Mokhanni , joalo ka ha ho totobalitsoe.
5. Khetha lebaka la Ke hobane'ng ha u khutlela morao? ebe o tobetsa Ee .
6. Pheta se tšoanang bakeng sa bakhanni bohle ba tlas'a Lisebelisoa tse ling karolo.
7. Qala hape PC ea hau 'me u hlahlobe hore na bothata bo rarollotsoe. Haeba ho se joalo, leka ho lokisa se latelang.
Hape Bala: U ka Bolella Joang Haeba Karete ea Hau ea Grafiken e ea Shoa
Mokhoa oa 5: Kenya Bakhanni hape
Ka linako tse ling bakhanni ba senyehileng ba ka baka PFN_LIST_CORRUPT phoso e kanna ea se lokisoe ka ntlafatso kapa ts'ebetso ea ho khutlisa. Kahoo, ho kenya tsena hape ho ka thusa.
1. Eya ho Sesebelisoa Motsamaisi > Lisebelisoa tse ling joalo ka ha ho laetsoe Mokhoa 4 .
2. Tobetsa ka ho le letona ho ho se sebetse hantle mokhanni (mohl. USB Controller ) ebe khetha Tlosa sesebelisoa , joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe.
3. Sheba lebokose le tšoailoeng Hlakola software ea mokhanni ea sesebelisoa sena ebe o tobetsa Tlosa .
4. Qala khomphuta ya hao botjha mme o hokele hape diphariferale tsa USB.
5. Hape, qala Motsamaisi oa sesebelisoa ebe o tobetsa Ketso ho tloha ho menu bar ka holimo.
6. Khetha Ketso > Skena bakeng sa liphetoho tsa hardware , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka tlaase.
7. Qala hape PC ea hau hang ha u bona mokhanni oa sesebelisoa a khutlela lethathamong, ntle le letšoao la mohoo.
Mokhoa oa 6: Ntlafatsa Windows
Windows le eona e ka 'na ea tšoaroa ke likokoana-hloko tse ka amang data, kahoo e sitisa ho sebetsa hantle ha sistimi. Ka lebaka lena, ntlafatso e nakong ea Windows ea hlokahala ho qoba phoso e putsoa ea skrini ea lefu ho Windows 10. Latela mehato ena ho hlahloba le ho kenya liapdeite tsa Windows.
1. Bula Litlhophiso ka ho tobetsa Linotlolo tsa Windows + I ka nako e tšoanang.
2. Tobetsa ho Nchafatso le Tshireletso , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
3. Tobetsa ho Sheba bakeng sa Lintlafatso .
4A. Ho jarolla ho tla qala ka bohona, haeba ho na le ntlafatso e teng kapa o ka tobetsa ho eona Kenya hona joale konopo. Ka mor'a ho khoasolla apdeite, khetha e 'ngoe Qala hape jwale kapa Qala hape hamorao .
4B. Haeba ha ho na lintlafatso tse fumanehang, U morao-rao molaetsa o tla hlaha.
Hape Bala: Mokhoa oa ho lokisa PC e ke ke ea POST
Mokhoa oa 7: Etsa Windows Hloekisa Boot
Boot e hloekileng ke mokhoa oa ho qala sistimi ea hau ea Windows ntle le software le litšebeletso tsa motho oa boraro. Kahoo, e fana ka tikoloho e phethahetseng ea ho bona le ho rarolla liphoso tsa BSoD. Latela sengoloa sa rona ho Etsa Boot e Hloekileng ho Windows 10 mona .
Mokhoa oa 8: Qala ka Mokhoa o Sireletsehileng
Ho kenya Windows PC ea hau ka Mokhoa o Sireletsehileng ke mokhoa o mong o motle oa ho emisa lintlha tse kantle joalo ka lits'ebetso tsa mokha oa boraro le lits'ebeletso tse ling tsa morao-rao. Mona ke mokhoa oa ho lokisa phoso ea skrine e putsoa ho Windows 10 ka ho qala sistimi ka mokhoa o bolokehileng:
1. Qala Tlhophiso ea Sistimi ka ho tobetsa Windows + R linotlolo ka nako e tšoanang.
2. Mofuta msconfig ebe o tobetsa OK , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
3. Fetohela ho Bootsa tab 'me u hlahlobe lebokose le tšoailoeng Safe Boot tlasa Likhetho tsa Boot .
4. Mona, khetha Marang-rang khetho ea ho bulela Windows PC ka mokhoa o bolokehileng ka adaptara ea netweke ea hau.
5. Joale, tobetsa Etsa kopo > OK ho boloka liphetoho.
6. Qala hape PC ea hau 'me u hlahlobe hore na sistimi e sebetsa ka mokhoa o bolokehileng.
7. Haeba e etsa joalo, joale lisebelisoa tse ling tsa mokha oa boraro li tlameha ho hanyetsana le eona. Ka hona, hlakola mananeo a joalo ho lokisa Windows 10 phoso ea skrine e putsoa.
Hlokomela: Ho tima Safe mode, feela qala sistimi ea hau bocha ka tloaelo kapa u tlose ho hlahloba lebokose le tšoailoeng Safe Boot.
Hape Bala: Windows 10 Boot Manager ke eng?
Mokhoa oa 9: Lokisa Lifaele tsa Sisteme e Senyehileng & Makala a Mpe ho Hard Disk
Mokhoa oa 9A: Sebelisa Taelo ea chkdsk
Check Disk taelo e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba likarolo tse mpe ho Hard disk drive (HDD) le ho li lokisa, ha ho khoneha. Likarolo tse mpe ho HDD li ka etsa hore Windows e se ke ea khona ho bala lifaele tse ling tsa bohlokoa tse hlahisang BSOD.
1. Tobetsa ho Qala le mofuta cmd . Ebe, tobetsa Matha joalo ka Motsamaisi , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
2. Tobetsa ho Ee ho Taolo ea Akhaonto ea Mosebelisi lebokose la puisano, ho netefatsa.
3. Ho Command Prompt , mofuta chkdsk X: /f , Mona X e emela karolo ea koloi eo u batlang ho e hlahloba mohlala. C .
4. U ka 'na ua susumelletseha hore u hlophise skena nakong ea boot e latelang haeba ho sebelisoa karohano ea koloi. Tobetsa Y ebe o tobetsa Kena senotlolo.
Mokhoa oa 9B: Lokisa Lifaele tsa Tsamaiso ea Bobolu u sebelisa DISM
Lifaele tsa sistimi e senyehileng le tsona li ka baka phoso PFN_LIST_CORRUPT. Kahoo, ho tsamaisa litaelo tsa Ts'ebeletso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Litšoantšo le Tsamaiso e lokela ho thusa.
1. Qala Command Prompt e nang le litokelo tsa tsamaiso joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka mokhoa oa 9A.
2. Mona, thaepa litaelo tse fanoeng, e 'ngoe ka mor'a e 'ngoe, ebe o tobetsa Kena senotlolo sa ho phethahatsa taelo ka 'ngoe.
|_+_| 
Mokhoa oa 9C: Lokisa Lifaele tsa Tsamaiso ea Bobolu ka SFC
Running System File Checker in command prompt e boetse e lokisa liphoso life kapa life ho lifaele tsa sistimi.
Hlokomela: Ho bohlokoa ho tsamaisa taelo ea DISM Restore Health pele o etsa taelo ea SFC ho etsa bonnete ba hore e sebetsa hantle.
1. Bula Command Prompt e nang le litokelo tsa tsamaiso joalo ka pejana.
2. Ka har'a Command Prompt Fesetere, mofuta sfc /scannow ebe otla Kena .
3. Etsa hore scan e phethoe. Qala hape PC ea hau hang netefatso 100% phethiloe molaetsa o bontshwa.
Mokhoa oa 9D: Haha Secha Rekote ea Bootsoa ea Master
Ka lebaka la likarolo tse bolileng tsa Hard drive, Windows OS ha e khone ho qala ka nepo ho baka phoso e putsoa ea lefu ho Windows 10. Ho lokisa sena, latela mehato ena:
1. Restart khomphuta ya hao ha o ntse o tobetsa ea Shift senotlolo sa ho kena Qalo e tsoetseng pele menu.
2. Mona, tobetsa Tharollo ya mathata.
3. Joale, tobetsa Dikgetho tse tsoetseng pele .
4. Khetha Command Prompt ho tsoa lethathamong la likhetho tse fumanehang. Khomphuta e tla qala hape.
5. Lethathamong la liakhaonto, khetha akhaonto ea hau le ho kena password ea hau leqepheng le latelang. Tobetsa ho Tswella .
6. Phetha se latelang ditaelo ka bonngoe.
|_+_|Tlhokomeliso ea 1: Litaelong, X e emela karolo ea koloi eo u batlang ho e hlahloba.
Tlhokomeliso ea 2: Mofuta Y ebe o tobetsa Kena senotlolo ha u kopuoa tumello ea ho eketsa ho kenya lenaneng la boot .
7. Joale, ngola Etsoa ebe o tobetsa Kena senotlolo.
8. Tobetsa ho Tswella ho qala ka tloaelo.
Hape Bala: Mokhoa oa ho lokisa Avast Update e Khomaretse Windows 10
Mokhoa oa 10: Hlakola software e kotsi
Software e kotsi le kokoana-hloko e ka hlasela lifaele tsa sistimi e etsang hore Windows e se tsitse. BSoD e ka ba sesupo sa tlhaselo ea malware. Ho netefatsa tšireletseho ea komporo ea hau, tsamaisa skena sa malware ka ho sebelisa ts'ireletso ea Windows kapa antivirus ea motho oa boraro, haeba e kentsoe.
Khetho ea 1: Ho sebelisa Antivirus ea Mokha oa Boraro (Haeba e le Teng)
1. Batla 'me u qalelle ea hau lenaneo la antivirus ho Patlo ea Windows bar.
Hlokomela: Mona, re bontša McAfee Antivirus molemong oa papiso. Likhetho li ka fapana ho latela mofani oa antivirus eo u e sebelisang.
2. Fumana kgetho ho matha scan ninemanga. Re khothaletsa ho Etsa tlhahlobo e felletseng.
3. Emela hore scan e phethoe. Haeba ho na le malware a teng, antivirus ea hau e tla e bona ebe e sebetsana le eona ka bo eona.
Khetho ea 2: Ho sebelisa Windows Security (E khothalelitsoe)
1. Tobetsa ho Letšoao la ho qala , mofuta Windows Security ebe o tobetsa Bula .
2. Tobetsa ho Tšireletso ea kokoana-hloko le litšokelo .
3. Tobetsa ho Skena dikgetho.
4. Khetha Ka potlako scan , Skena ka botlalo, Sekeno sa tloaelo, kapa Windows Defender Offline Scan ebe o tobetsa Skena hona joale. Emela hore scan ninete e phethe.
Hlokomela: Re fana ka tlhahiso ea khetho e felletseng ea ho hlahloba ka lihora tse sa sebetseng.
5. Malware e tla thathamisoa tlas'a Litšokelo tsa hajoale karolo. Kahoo, tobetsa Qala diketso ho nka bohato kgahlanong le ditshoso.
Hape Bala : Litsela tse 8 tsa ho Lokisa Windows 10 Kenyelletso e Nkile
Mokhoa oa 11: Etsa Tsosoloso ea Tsamaiso
Ho khutlisetsa komporo ea hau moo e neng e sebetsa hantle ho ka u thusa ho rarolla Windows 10 phoso ea skrine e putsoa kaha e ka khutlisetsa kapa ea lokisa lifaele tsa sistimi e senyehileng.
1. Tobetsa Windows + I linotlolo hammoho ho bula Litlhophiso Fesetere.
2. Tobetsa ho Tsamaiso kgetho.
3. Khetha About ho tloha ka lehlakoreng le letšehali.
4. Tlas'a Litlhophiso tse Amanang ka letsohong le letona, tobetsa Tšireletso ea Tsamaiso , joalo ka ha ho totobalitsoe.
5. Ka har'a Thepa ea Tsamaiso tab, tobetsa konopo Khutlisa Sisteme… konopo ebe o khetha E 'ngoe .
6. Khetha ea Khutlisa ntlha ho tsoa lenaneng ebe o khetha Sheba mananeo a amehang ho tseba hore na ke mananeo afe a kentsoeng a tla angoa ke ho khutlisa sistimi.
Hlokomela: Lifaele tse ling le data li ne li tla bolokoa kamoo li leng kateng.
7. Kamora ho netefatsa ho hlakolwa ha mananeo a thathamisitsoeng, tobetsa Koala .
8. Joale, tobetsa E 'ngoe ho Khutlisa tsamaiso Fesetere.
9. Etsa hore ts'ebetso e phethoe ebe u khetha Qetella qetellong ya yona. .
Ka sebele sena se lokela ho lokisa Windows 11 skrine e putsoa ea phoso ea lefu. Haeba e sa etse joalo, ho na le khetho e le 'ngoe feela e setseng, e leng, ho tsosolosa PC ea hau.
Mokhoa oa 12: Seta komporo ea hau bocha
Le ha lifaele tsa hau le data li ka lula li bolokehile, Windows e tla seta bocha ka botlalo 'me e khutlele maemong a eona a kamehla, a kantle ho lebokose. Kahoo, litaba tsohle tse amanang le eona li tla rarolloa.
1. Eya ho Litlhophiso > Update & Tshireletso , joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ho Method 6.
2. Khetha Ho hlaphoheloa phanele e ka ho le letshehadi.
3. Tobetsa ho Qala tlasa Seta PC ena bocha , joalokaha ho bontšitsoe.
4. Kgetha Boloka lifaele tsa ka ho Seta PC ena bocha Fesetere.
5. Latela litaelo tse skrineng ho seta komporo ea hau bocha le ho rarolla phoso e boletsoeng ka ho sa feleng.
E khothalelitsoe:
Re tšepa hore u ka khona lokisa PFN_LIST_CORRUPT skrine e putsoa ea phoso ea lefu ho Windows 10 . Re tsebise hore na ke mokhoa ofe o u thusitseng ka ho fetisisa. Hape, re ka thabela ho utloa maikutlo le lipotso tsa hau mabapi le sengoloa sena karolong ea maikutlo e ka tlase.
Elon Decker Elon ke sengoli sa thekenoloji ho Cyber S. O se a ntse a ngola litataiso tsa mokhoa oa ho etsa lilemo tse ka bang 6 joale mme o akaretsa lihlooho tse ngata. O rata ho bua ka lihlooho tse amanang le Windows, Android, le maqheka le malebela a morao-rao.
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